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Flagship Leaderboards
Top-performing methods on 10 flagship imaging challenges — from medical to quantum.
CT
MedicalR(θ) → Π(fan) → D(g, η₁)
Standard Leaderboard
MRI
MedicalF(k-traj) → D(g, η₁)
Standard Leaderboard
Cryo-EM Single Particle Analysis
Scientific InstrumentationC → D
Standard Leaderboard
Ultrasound
Medical UltrasoundP(acoustic) → Σ_t → D(g, η₂)
Standard Leaderboard
CASSI
CompressiveM(mask) → W(α, a) → Σ_λ → D(g, η₄)
Standard Leaderboard
NeRF
Neural RenderingΠ(ray) → Σ(volume) → D(g, η₁)
Standard Leaderboard
OCT
Clinical OpticsP(low-coherence) → Σ(interference) → D(g, η₁)
Standard Leaderboard
PET
MedicalΠ(LOR) → Σ_t → D(g, η₃)
Standard Leaderboard
SAR
Remote SensingF(azimuth×range) → D(g, η₁)
Standard Leaderboard
Ghost Imaging
QuantumM → Σ → D
Standard Leaderboard
All Benchmarks
169Compressive
5CASSI
Coded Aperture Snapshot Spectral Imaging
M(mask) → W(α, a) → Σ_λ → D(g, η₄)
CACTI
Coded Aperture Compressive Temporal Imaging
M(m_t) → Σ_t → D(g, η₄)
SPC-Block
Single-Pixel Camera (Block Sensing)
S(block) → M(Φ) → Σ → D(g, η₁)
SPC-Kronecker
Single-Pixel Camera (Kronecker Sensing)
M(H⊗W) → D(g, η₁)
Matrix
Generic Matrix Sensing
M(Φ) → D(g, η₁)
Medical
34CT
X-ray Computed Tomography
R(θ) → Π(fan) → D(g, η₁)
CBCT
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
R(θ) → Π(cone) → D(g, η₁)
PET
Positron Emission Tomography
Π(LOR) → Σ_t → D(g, η₃)
SPECT
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
Π(parallel) → Σ_E → D(g, η₃)
X-ray Radiography
X-ray Radiography
Π(proj) → D(g, η₁)
Mammography
Mammography
Π(contact) → D(g, η₁)
Fluoroscopy
Fluoroscopy
Π(proj) → Σ_t → D(g, η₁)
X-ray Angiography
X-ray Angiography
Π(proj) → D(g, η₁)
DEXA
Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
Λ(E₁,E₂) → Π(proj) → D(g, η₁)
DOT
Diffuse Optical Tomography
P(diffuse) → Σ → D(g, η₃)
Photoacoustic
Photoacoustic Imaging
P(acoustic) → Σ_t → D(g, η₂)
MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
F(k-traj) → D(g, η₁)
fMRI
Functional MRI (BOLD)
F(EPI) → Σ_t → D(g, η₁)
Diffusion MRI
Diffusion MRI (DTI)
F(EPI) → D(g, η₁)
MRS
MR Spectroscopy
F(FID) → D(g, η₁)
PET/CT
Positron Emission Tomography / Computed Tomography
R(θ) → D(μ_ct) → Π(LOR) → D(g, η)
PET/MR
Positron Emission Tomography / Magnetic Resonance
F(k) → S(coil) → D(μ_mr) → R(θ) → D(g, η)
SPECT/CT
Single Photon Emission CT / Computed Tomography
R(θ) → D(μ_ct) → H(coll) → D(g, η)
Spectral CT
Dual-Energy / Spectral Computed Tomography
R(θ) → A(E_low, E_high) → Σ_mat → D(g, η)
Industrial CT
Industrial Computed Tomography
R(θ) → B(poly) → S(scatter) → D(g, η)
Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) MRI
Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) MRI
M → F → S → D
Brachytherapy Imaging
Brachytherapy Imaging
Π → D
CEST MRI
CEST MRI
M → F → S → D
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS)
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS)
P → R → D
Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy (CLE)
Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy (CLE)
M → C → D
Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT)
Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT)
Π → D
Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS)
Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS)
P → D
MR Elastography (MRE)
MR Elastography (MRE)
M → F → S → D
MR Fingerprinting (MRF)
MR Fingerprinting (MRF)
M → F → S → D
MR Angiography (MRA)
MR Angiography (MRA)
M → F → S → D
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)
M → R → P → D
Portal Imaging (EPID)
Portal Imaging (EPID)
Π → D
Proton Therapy Imaging
Proton Therapy Imaging
Π → D
Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging (SWI)
Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging (SWI)
M → F → S → D
Medical Ultrasound
3Ultrasound
Ultrasound Imaging
P(acoustic) → Σ_t → D(g, η₂)
Doppler Ultrasound
Doppler Ultrasound
P(acoustic) → Σ_t → D(g, η₂)
Elastography
Shear-Wave Elastography
P(shear) → Σ_t → D(g, η₂)
Coherent
5Holography
Digital Holographic Microscopy
P(Fresnel) → D(g, η₁)
Ptychography
Ptychographic Imaging
P(probe) → D(g, η₁)
CDI
Coherent Diffractive Imaging
P(far-field) → D(g, η₁)
Optical Diffraction Tomography (ODT)
Optical Diffraction Tomography (ODT)
P → D
Talbot-Lau X-ray Grating Interferometry
Talbot-Lau X-ray Grating Interferometry
M → P → D
Microscopy
24Widefield
Widefield Fluorescence Microscopy
C(PSF) → D(g, η₃)
Widefield Low-Dose
Low-Dose Widefield Microscopy
C(PSF) → D(g, η₃)
Confocal Live-Cell
Confocal Live-Cell Microscopy
C(PSF_confocal) → D(g, η₃)
Confocal 3D
Confocal 3D Z-Stack
C(PSF_3D) → D(g, η₃)
Light-Sheet
Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy
C(PSF_sheet) → D(g, η₃)
Two-Photon
Two-Photon / Multiphoton Microscopy
C(PSF_2P) → D(g, η₃)
STED
STED Microscopy
C(PSF_STED) → D(g, η₃)
TIRF
TIRF Microscopy
C(PSF_TIRF) → D(g, η₃)
SIM
Structured Illumination Microscopy
S(grating) → C(PSF) → Σ_φ → D(g, η₃)
FPM
Fourier Ptychographic Microscopy
S(LED array) → C(PSF_NA) → Σ_θ → D(g, η₁)
FLIM
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging
C(PSF) → Σ_t → D(g, η₃)
PALM/STORM
PALM/STORM Single-Molecule Localization
C(PSF) → D(g, η₃)
Polarization
Polarization Microscopy
M(polarizer) → C(PSF) → D(g, η₁)
Dark-Field Microscopy
Dark-Field Microscopy
C → D
Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)
Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)
M → C → D
DNA-PAINT Super-Resolution
DNA-PAINT Super-Resolution
M → D
Expansion Microscopy (ExM)
Expansion Microscopy (ExM)
C → D
Image Scanning Microscopy (ISM)
Image Scanning Microscopy (ISM)
C → D
Lattice Light-Sheet Microscopy
Lattice Light-Sheet Microscopy
C → D
MINFLUX Nanoscopy
MINFLUX Nanoscopy
C → D
Phase Contrast Microscopy
Phase Contrast Microscopy
C → D
Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) Microscopy
Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) Microscopy
M → R → D
Spinning Disk Confocal Microscopy
Spinning Disk Confocal Microscopy
C → D
Three-Photon Microscopy
Three-Photon Microscopy
C → D
Electron Microscopy
11SEM
Scanning Electron Microscopy
P(e⁻ beam) → C(probe) → D(g, η₁)
TEM
Transmission Electron Microscopy
P(e⁻) → C(CTF) → D(g, η₁)
STEM
Scanning TEM
P(e⁻) → C(probe) → D(g, η₁)
Electron Tomo
Electron Tomography
R(θ) → P(e⁻) → Π(proj) → D(g, η₁)
4D-STEM
4D-STEM Electron Diffraction
P(e⁻) → F(diffraction) → D(g, η₁)
Electron Holography
Electron Holography
P(e⁻) → Σ(interference) → D(g, η₁)
EBSD
Electron Backscatter Diffraction
P(e⁻) → Π(backscatter) → D(g, η₁)
EELS
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy
P(e⁻) → Λ(energy) → D(g, η₁)
Cryo-Electron Tomography (Cryo-ET)
Cryo-Electron Tomography (Cryo-ET)
Π → D
STEM-EDX Elemental Mapping
STEM-EDX Elemental Mapping
M → R → D
Focused Ion Beam SEM (FIB-SEM)
Focused Ion Beam SEM (FIB-SEM)
S → C → D
Clinical Optics
4Fundus
Fundus Camera
C(PSF_optic) → D(g, η₁)
OCT
Optical Coherence Tomography
P(low-coherence) → Σ(interference) → D(g, η₁)
OCTA
OCT Angiography
P(low-coherence) → Σ(interference) → D(g, η₁)
Endoscopy
Fiber Bundle Endoscopy
C(PSF_fiber) → D(g, η₁)
Computational
2Light Field
Light Field Imaging
Π(micro-lens) → D(g, η₁)
Integral
Integral Photography
Π(lens-array) → D(g, η₁)
Computational Photography
5Lensless
Lensless (Diffuser Camera) Imaging
P(diffuser) → D(g, η₁)
Panorama
Panorama Multi-Focus Fusion
C(PSF_focus) → Σ_f → D(g, η₁)
Coded Exposure / Flutter Shutter
Coded Exposure / Flutter Shutter
M → C → D
Event Camera / Dynamic Vision Sensor (DVS)
Event Camera / Dynamic Vision Sensor (DVS)
M → D
High Dynamic Range (HDR) Imaging
High Dynamic Range (HDR) Imaging
M → Σ → D
Neural Rendering
2NeRF
Neural Radiance Fields
Π(ray) → Σ(volume) → D(g, η₁)
3DGS
3D Gaussian Splatting
Π(splat) → Σ(alpha) → D(g, η₁)
Depth Imaging
5ToF Camera
Time-of-Flight Depth Camera
P(modulated) → Σ(correlation) → D(g, η₁)
Structured Light
Structured-Light Depth Camera
S(pattern) → Π(triangulation) → D(g, η₁)
LiDAR
LiDAR Scanner
P(pulsed) → Σ(return) → D(g, η₁)
Flash LiDAR
Flash LiDAR
P → D
Photometric Stereo
Photometric Stereo
M → C → D
Remote Sensing
11SAR
Synthetic Aperture Radar
F(azimuth×range) → D(g, η₁)
Sonar
Sonar Imaging
P(acoustic) → Σ_t → D(g, η₂)
Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR)
P → D
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing
M → W → Σ → D
Interferometric SAR (InSAR)
Interferometric SAR (InSAR)
F → S → D
Multispectral Satellite Imaging
Multispectral Satellite Imaging
M → Σ → D
Ocean Color Remote Sensing
Ocean Color Remote Sensing
M → Σ → D
Passive Microwave Radiometry
Passive Microwave Radiometry
Σ → D
Polarimetric SAR (PolSAR)
Polarimetric SAR (PolSAR)
F → M → D
Radio Interferometry (VLBI)
Radio Interferometry (VLBI)
F → S → D
Weather / Doppler Radar
Weather / Doppler Radar
P → R → D
Particle Imaging
3Neutron Tomo
Neutron Radiography / Tomography
R(θ) → Π(neutron) → D(g, η₁)
Proton Radiography
Proton Radiography
Π(proton) → D(g, η₁)
Muon Tomo
Muon Tomography
R(θ_cosmic) → Π(muon) → D(g, η₁)
Scanning Probe
4Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
S → D
Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM)
Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM)
S → M → D
Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM)
Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM)
M → C → D
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
S → D
Industrial Inspection
9Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM)
Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM)
P → D
Active Thermography (IR)
Active Thermography (IR)
P → D
Eddy Current Imaging
Eddy Current Imaging
F → D
Machine Vision / AOI
Machine Vision / AOI
C → D
Shearography
Shearography
M → P → D
Terahertz Imaging (THz)
Terahertz Imaging (THz)
P → D
Ultrasonic Phased Array (TFM/FMC)
Ultrasonic Phased Array (TFM/FMC)
P → D
X-ray NDT (Radiography)
X-ray NDT (Radiography)
Π → D
X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Imaging
X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Imaging
M → R → D
Spectroscopy
8Brillouin Microscopy
Brillouin Microscopy
M → R → D
Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman (CARS) Microscopy
Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman (CARS) Microscopy
M → R → D
DESI Mass Spectrometry Imaging
DESI Mass Spectrometry Imaging
S → D
FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging
FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging
M → Σ → D
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Imaging
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Imaging
M → R → D
Raman Imaging / Microscopy
Raman Imaging / Microscopy
M → R → D
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) Imaging
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) Imaging
S → D
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) Microscopy
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) Microscopy
M → R → D
Astronomy
4Stellar Coronagraphy
Stellar Coronagraphy
M → P → D
Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Imaging
Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Imaging
F → S → D
Lucky Imaging
Lucky Imaging
M → C → D
Solar EUV/X-ray Imaging
Solar EUV/X-ray Imaging
M → P → D
Ultrafast
4Compressed Ultrafast Photography (CUP)
Compressed Ultrafast Photography (CUP)
M → Σ → D
Pump-Probe Microscopy
Pump-Probe Microscopy
M → R → D
Streak Camera Imaging
Streak Camera Imaging
M → Σ → D
XFEL Serial Femtosecond Crystallography (SFX)
XFEL Serial Femtosecond Crystallography (SFX)
M → R → D
Quantum
3Entangled Photon Microscopy
Entangled Photon Microscopy
M → R → D
Ghost Imaging
Ghost Imaging
M → Σ → D
Quantum Illumination
Quantum Illumination
M → R → D
Experimental Science
11Acoustic Emission Testing (AE)
Acoustic Emission Testing (AE)
P → S → D
Adaptive Optics (AO) Imaging
Adaptive Optics (AO) Imaging
M → C → D
Bioluminescence Tomography (BLT)
Bioluminescence Tomography (BLT)
Src → R → P → D
Full-Waveform Inversion (FWI)
Full-Waveform Inversion (FWI)
P → D
Gravitational Wave Detection
Gravitational Wave Detection
P → Σ → D
Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT)
Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT)
M → D
Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI)
Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI)
M → F → D
Ocean Acoustic Tomography
Ocean Acoustic Tomography
P → D
Particle Calorimetry
Particle Calorimetry
R → Σ → D
Radio Aperture Synthesis
Radio Aperture Synthesis
F → S → D
Seismic Tomography
Seismic Tomography
P → D
Scientific Instrumentation
9Atom Probe Tomography (APT)
Atom Probe Tomography (APT)
S → D
Cathodoluminescence (CL) Imaging
Cathodoluminescence (CL) Imaging
M → R → D
Cryo-EM Single Particle Analysis
Cryo-EM Single Particle Analysis
C → D
MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging
MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging
S → D
Neutron Diffraction
Neutron Diffraction
R → S → D
Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS)
Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS)
R → D
Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS)
Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS)
R → D
X-ray Crystallography
X-ray Crystallography
F → S → D
X-ray Fluorescence Tomography
X-ray Fluorescence Tomography
Π → R → D
Multi-Modal Fusion
3Correlative Light-Electron Microscopy (CLEM)
Correlative Light-Electron Microscopy (CLEM)
(C → D) + (C → D) → ⊕
CT + Fluorescence (FLIT)
CT + Fluorescence (FLIT)
(Π → D) + (M → R → P → D) → ⊕
US/MRI Fusion
US/MRI Fusion
(P → D) + (M → F → S → D) → ⊕
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